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丁春燕律师|浅谈《民法典》“自甘风险”规则

点击次数:   更新时间:2020-08-09 14:50:08   分    享:

作者:丁春燕律师

    在文体活动,尤其是对抗激烈的球类运动中,难免会发生碰撞导致有人受伤。对伤者的补偿或赔付往往产生争议甚至对簿公堂。目前的司法实践中,针对这种情况却有不同的判决结果。有适用无过错原则,判决碰撞者承担责任的;有适用公平原则,判决伤者与碰撞者均承担责任的;也有适用“自甘风险”原则,判决碰撞者不承担责任的。可见,面对同一个事实,在不同地区、不同法院甚至不同法官的审理下,碰撞者面对的可能是截然相反的结果,其中不乏踢场球就背负数万元甚至更多债务的悲剧。在这种担忧下,走上球场时难免会战战兢兢、如履薄冰。
    In recreational and sports activities, especially in ball games against fierce competition, it is inevitable that collisions will lead to injuries. The indemnication or compensation for the injured is often controversial or even taken to court. In the current judicial practice, there are different judgments in view of this situation. Some apply the no-fault principle and decide that the collider shall bear the responsibility; some apply the fair principle and decide that both the injured and the collider shall bear the responsibility; and there are also those who apply the principle of "assumption of risk" and rule that the collider shall not bear the responsibility. It can be seen that in the face of the same fact, under the trial of different regions, different courts and even different judges, colliders may face diametrically opposite results, including the tragedy that playing football is burdened with tens of thousands of yuan or more of debt. Under this kind of worry, it is hard to avoid trembling with fear when walking on the field.
    而《民法典》的出台,无疑为文体爱好者吃了颗定心丸。在第七编《侵权责任》中,第一千一百七十六条规定:自愿参加具有一定风险的文体活动,因其他参加者的行为受到损害的,受害人不得请求其他参加者承担侵权责任;但是,其他参加者对损害的发生有故意或者重大过失的除外。活动组织者的责任适用本法第一千一百九十八条至一千二百零一条的规定。
    The promulgation of the Civil Code has undoubtedly given reassurance to sports lovers. In part VII, "Tort liability", Article 1176 stipulates that if the victim voluntarily participates in recreational and sports activities with certain risks and is damaged as a result of the actions of other participants, the victim shall not request other participants to bear tort liability; however, unless other participants have intentional or gross negligence for the occurrence of the damage. The responsibility of the organizer of the event shall be subject to the provisions of articles 119

一、法规简析

A brief Analysis of laws and regulations

    现在,我们就针对该条“自甘风险”规定做一个简要分析,在什么情况下,才需要自担风险而不能要求其他参加者承担侵权责任呢?
    Now, let's make a brief analysis of this provision of "assumption of risk". Under what circumstances do we need to bear our own risk without requiring other participants to bear tort liability?
    首先,该原则对适用范围作了限制,即有一定风险的文体活动。所谓文体活动,顾名思义,包括文艺和体育活动,该种活动具有的风险性,应该是受害人在参加之前就知道或应该知道的;其次,参加活动是自愿的。倘若受害人是被胁迫、强制要求参加,在其他参加者又是胁迫、强制人的情况下,他当然可以向后者要求赔偿;再次,受到损害的原因是其他参加者的行为,而非场地或器材的缺陷所导致。同时,此条法规也规定了自甘风险的例外,即对行为人损害的发生有故意或重大过失。那行为人故意或重大过失的举证责任由谁承担呢?《民法典》还未实施,相应的实施细则也还未出台,笔者认为,此处仍应适用谁主张谁举证的原则,举证责任应由受害人承担,方才符合“自甘风险”原则的立法精神。
    First of all, the principle limits the scope of application, that is, recreational and sports activities with certain risks. The so-called recreational  and sports activities, as the name implies, include literary and sports activities. The risks of such activities should be known or should be known by the victims before they participate; secondly, participation in activities is voluntary. If the victim is coerced or compelled to participate, and if the other participants are also coerced or forced, he can certainly claim compensation from the latter; thirdly, the damage is caused by the actions of other participants, not by defects in the venue or equipment. At the same time, this regulation also provides for the exception of assumption of risk, that is, intentional or gross negligence to the occurrence of damage to the actor. Then who bears the burden of proof of intentional or gross negligence of the actor? The Civil Code has not yet been implemented, and the corresponding implementation rules have not yet been issued. The author believes that the principle of who advocates who provides proof should still be applied here, and the burden of proof should be borne by the victim, which is in line with the legislative spirit of the principle of "assumption of risk".
    至于导致损害的行为究竟是故意、重大过失还是正常、小瑕疵,在动态、尤其是对抗激烈的文体活动中,司法机关以何种标准甄别判断,还需我们拭目以待。
    As for whether the behavior that caused the damage is intentional, gross neglige

二、律师结语

Lawyer's conclusion

    通过以上论述不难看出,“自甘风险”原则仅适用于问题活动的参加者,至于组织者的责任是另行规定的,主要包括经营场所、公共场所的经营者、管理者或群众性活动的组织者,若未尽到安全保障义务,则需承担相应的侵权责任;教育机构的过错责任有两种,无行为能力人受到人身损害的,适用过错推定原则,举证责任由教育机构承担;而限制行为能力人受到人身损害的,适用过错原则,举证责任由受害方承担。

    From the above discussion, it is not difficult to see that the principle of "assumption of risk" is only applicable to the participants in problem-related activities, while the responsibility of the organizers is stipulated separately, which mainly includes the operators of business places, public places, managers or organizers of mass activities. if they fail to fulfill their security obligations, they need to bear the corresponding tort liability. There are two kinds of fault liability in educational institutions. If an incapacitated person suffers personal injury, the principle of presumption of fault shall be applied, and the burden of proof shall be borne by the educational institution; while if the person with limited capacity suffers personal injury, the fault principle shall be applied and the burden of proof shall be borne by the injured party.
    施行“自甘风险”原则后,对安全义务保障人也提出了更高的要求。一是对相关文体活动参加者的危险告知或提醒;二是条件允许的情况下,在活动场地多角度安装摄像头,便于出现损害时取证,以甄别是否是行为人的故意或重大过失;当然,最重要的是,要全面细致地履行安全义务保障,防患于未然。
    After the implementation of the principle of "assumption of risk", higher requirements have been put forward for the guarantor of safety obligations. One is to inform or remind the participants of the dangers of the relevant sports and recreational activities; the other is to install cameras from multiple angles in the activity site if conditions permit, so as to facilitate the collection of evidence in the event of damage, so as to identify whether it is the actor's intentional or gross negligence; of course, the most important thing is to fully and carefully fulfill the security obligations to prevent problems before they occur.

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