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袁静律师|借名贷款,谁来还款?

点击次数:   更新时间:2020-07-30 16:10:07   分    享:


    谁出具借条谁还款,这是理所应当的事。但是实际生活中,借名贷款的情况也并不少见。在金融贷款中,实际借款人可能由于个人征信的原因无法取得贷款。在民间借贷中,实际借款人可能由于个人还款能力、信用、与贷款人之间的信任关系等原因无法取得贷款。此时,借名贷款就成了实际借款人取得贷款的有效途径。那么,借名贷款的情况下,借款究竟由谁来偿还呢?

    本文从贷款人、借款人、实际借款人的三种角度分析,在借名贷款的情况下,应当由谁来承担还款责任。

    It is natural that whoever issues the IOU will repay the loan. But in real life, loaning in the name of others is common. In financial loans, the actual borrower may not be able to obtain the loan because of personal credit information. In private lending, the actual borrower may not be able to obtain the loan because of personal repayment ability, credit, trust relationship with the lender and other reasons. At this time, borrowing a loan has become an effective way for the actual borrower to obtain the loan. So, in the case of a loan under a borrowed name, who would repay the loan?

    From the three angles of the lender, the borrower and the actual borrower, this author analyzes who should bear the repayment responsibility in the case of borrowing a loan.

一、名义借款人的抗辩

    在借名贷款中,借款人能否以自己不是实际借款人为由抗辩,要求贷款人直接向实际借款人主张还款?

    不能,根据合同相对性的原则,借款合同在贷款人与名义借款人之间订立,是贷款人与名义借款人的真实意思表示,名义借款人就应当按照双方合同的约定还款。至于名义借款人与实际借款人之间的权利义务,也应当由名义借款人、实际借款人之间自行约定。
    实际上,借款合同的订立很大程度上基于贷款人对于借款人还款能力、资信、私人关系等各种风险的考量。如果换成实际借款人向贷款人贷款,贷款人通常是不愿意订立借款合同的,借款合同也就无法成立。
因此,为了保护贷款人的权益,借款人以自己是名义借款人作为抗辩,要求贷款人直接向实际借款人主张还款的,法院通常不予支持。

    In the loan under a borrowed name, could the borrower argue that he is not the actual borrower and require the lender to repay the loan directly to the actual borrower?

    No, in accordance with the principle of relativity of the contract, the conclusion of the loan contract between the lender and the nominal borrower is the expression of the true meaning of the lender and the nominal borrower, and the nominal borrower should repay in accordance with the agreement of the contract between the two parties. As for the rights and obligations between the nominal borrower and the actual borrower, it should also be agreed upon between the nominal borrower and the actual borrower.
In fact, the conclusion of the loan contract is largely based upon the lender's consideration of various risks such as the borrower's repayment ability, credit status, personal relationship and so on. If the actual borrower borrows a loan from the lender, the lender is usually unwilling to enter into a loan contract, and the loan contract cannot be established accordingly.
    Therefore, in order to protect the rights and interests of the lender, the court usually does not support the fact that the borrower is required to repay the loan directly to the actual borrower on the grounds that he is just nominal.


二、实际借款人的抗辩

对于实际借款人而言,如遇贷款人直接向实际借款人主张权利的,实际借款人可以以合同相对性作为抗辩理由,主张自己是向“名义借款人”借款,双方成立单独的借款合同,仅向“名义借款人”承担还款义务.

Due to the actual borrower, if the lender claims rights directly from the actual borrower, the actual borrower COULD argue that he is borrowing from the "nominal borrower" on the basis of the relativity of the contract, and the two parties enter into a separate loan contract to undertake the repayment obligation only to the "nominal borrower".


三、贷款人的主张

Claims of the lender

    在借名贷款的情况下,贷款人能否直接向实际借款人主张还款呢?在实务当中存在争议。在通常情况下,法院认为名义借款人是借款合同的相对人,应当由名义借款人承担还款责任。但是,在符合特定条件的情况下,贷款人可以同时起诉名义借款人和实际借款人,要求二者共同承担还款义务,总结起来需符合以下特征:
1、贷款人明知借款的实际使用人和实际还款人。
2、贷款人、名义借款人和实际借款人的意思表示均为借用名义借款人的名义,名义借款人并不实际参与借款关系的履行,也不享受借款的利益。即,有证据证明实际借款人实际取得借款,并实际承担还款义务。
3、贷款人在描述采用借名贷款形式的理由时,应当有合理合法的理由。尽量避免因不愿意与实际借款人订立借款合同而选择借名贷款的形式,否则,法院可能基于贷款人与实际借款人之间没有达成借款的合意,而不支持实际借款人共同承担还款责任。

    In the case of a loan under a borrowed name, could the lender claim repayment directly to the actual borrower? There are some disputes in real practice.Under normal circumstances, the court holds that the nominal borrower is the counterpart of the loan contract, and the nominal borrower should bear the repayment responsibility accordingly.However, in certain conditions, the lender COULD sue both the nominal borrower and the actual borrower, requiring them to jointly bear the repayment obligation, which shall be summed up in accordance with the following characteristics:

1. The lender is fully aware that the actual user and the actual payer of the loan.
2. The intention of the lender, the nominal borrower and the actual borrower are all expressed in the name of the nominal borrower, who does not actually participate in the performance of the loan relationship and does not enjoy the benefits of the loan. That is, there is evidence to prove that the actual borrower obtained the loan de facto and actually assumed the repayment obligation.
3. The lender shall have reasonable and legal reasons when describing the reasons for adopting the form of loan under a borrowed name. IT is recommended that avoid choosing the form of loan by other name because of unwillingness to conclude a loan contract with the actual borrower, otherwise, the court may not support the actual borrower to share the repayment responsibility on the basis that there is no agreement between the lender and the actual borrower.

借名有风险 签订需谨慎

You need to be careful when signing a contract and  loaning under a borrowed name is risky

    对于名义借款人来说,应当充分考虑借名会给自己带来的风险和损失,包括逾期未还款导致的不良信用记录、人民法院强制要求偿还贷款等,不要轻易的被他人利用自身名义对外贷款,一旦发生应当及时寻求法律措施弥补,以避免和防范陷入“名义借款”却要背负偿还实际贷款的巨大法律风险。对于出借人而言,必须要加强贷前审查,积极防范借名贷款,确保借贷资金的安全性、效益性。

    For nominal borrowers, full consideration should be given to the risks and losses brought to them by borrowing names, including bad credit records caused by overdue repayment, compulsory repayment of loans by the people's court, etc., do not be easily used by others to make external loans in their own name, and should seek legal measures to make up for them in time in order to avoid and prevent falling into "nominal loans" but bearing the huge legal risk of repaying the actual loans. Due to the lender, it is necessary to strengthen the pre-loan review, prevent loaning under the borrowed name actively, and ensure the safety and effectiveness of the loan funds.


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