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王晓杰律师|冒名顶替上学的刑法思考

点击次数:   更新时间:2020-07-30 15:57:07   分    享:


    近日曝露出的冒名顶替上大学事件引起了整个社会的高度关注。这一恶性事件所显示的,远远不仅是一个寒门子弟大学梦的毁灭和整个人生的破碎,它还动摇了整个社会的信任基础。

高考制度乃至现代社会的考试制度是现代文明社会应当保证公民受教育权的一种相对公平的体现,高等教育资源既是一种稀缺的社会资源,又是社会选拔人才的一道关口,是社会公众对公平的一种希望寄托,更应该严格规范和约束。

    Recently, it has been exposed that the impostor went to college has aroused great concern of the whole society. What this vicious incident shows is not only the destruction of a poor child's college dream and the fragmentation of his whole life, but also shakes the trust foundation of the whole society.

    The college entrance examination system and even the examination system in modern society is a relatively fair embodiment that modern civilized society should ensure citizens' right to education. Higher education resources are not only a scarce social resource, but also a gateway for social selection of talents. it is a kind of hope for fairness for the public, and it should be strictly regulated and restricted. 

现行刑法规制 


    2015年《刑法修正案(九)》顺应社会呼声,补充规定“代替考试罪”,即在《刑法》第284条之一中专门规定:“代替他人或让他人代替自己参加法律规定的国家考试的,处拘役或者管制,并处或单处罚金”。在现行的刑法规定中,我们虽然还没有直接具体的明文规定应对冒名顶替者的行为,但在整个法律体系中依然对于这一明显具有社会危害性的行为能够进行评价。

    可以推测,冒名顶替者上大学必定需要使用有关的公文证明材料,这就能对应我国《刑法》第280条之规定伪造、变造、买卖国家机关公文、证件、印章罪;伪造公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体印章罪;伪造、变造、买卖身份证件罪。

    In response to the voice of society, the Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law of 2015 provides for "the crime of substitution for examination", that is, one of Article 284 of the Criminal Law specifically stipulates: "whoever takes the national examination prescribed by law in place of another person or allows another person to take his place shall be subject to criminal detention or public surveillance, and shall be fined concurrently or independently". In the current criminal law, although we do not have a direct and specific provision to deal with the behavior of the impostor, we can still evaluate this obviously harmful behavior in the whole legal system.

    It can be speculated that impostors SHALL use relevant official documents to go to university, which can correspond to the crime of forging, altering, buying and selling official documents, documents and seals of state organs in Article 280 of the Criminal Law; the crime of forging the seals of companies, enterprises, institutions and people's organizations; the crime of forging, altering, buying and selling identity documents.

    此外,冒名顶替者冒用他人的姓名,修改或替换高中毕业生登记表、档案卡、户籍材料等行为,特别是使用被冒充者身份证的行为,则完全符合“盗用他人的居民身份证等依法可以用于证明身份的证件”的特征,完全可以构成《刑法》第一百八十一条使用虚假身份证件、盗用身份证件罪。
另外,完成冒名顶替极大概率需要教育部门、高等院校或公安管理部门的公职人员的“帮助”,此间往往可能涉嫌滥用职权罪、玩忽职守罪、受贿罪等等。

    In addition, the impostor falsely uses other people's names, modifies or replaces high school graduate registration forms, file cards, and household registration materials, especially the using of the identity card of the imposter, it is fully in line with the characteristics of "embezzlement of other people's resident identity cards and other documents that can be used to prove identity according to law," and can constitute the crime of using false identity documents and embezzlement of identity documents in Article 181 of the Criminal Law.

    In addition, the completion of impersonation is highly likely to require the "help" of public officials from education departments, institutions of higher learning or public security management departments, during which they may be suspected of abuse of power, dereliction of duty, bribery and so on. 

适时增设冒名顶替的罪名


    窃人财物者必为罪;今窃人一生命运者、幸福者,能不罪乎?杨兴培教授文中曾提及:刑法既已设立代替考试罪,那么根据我国刑法的立法精神:出罪者,举重以明轻;入罪者,是举轻以明重,以此设立冒名顶替的相关罪名是顺应时代的重要之举。
    综上,可以肯定冒名顶替上大学显然恶于冒名替考者,其社会危害性更明显,但从法定刑的角度来考虑设置刑罚的轻重,这需要我们进行横向和纵向的比较后作出合理的设计。现行的考试制度下,考试和招生是两个既有联系又有区别的环节,不可同日而语,因此犯罪行为作为犯罪的主要特征,也是罪名核心内容的基本原理,法定刑设置需要适可而止,做到罪行相适应。

    He who steals people's property SHALL be a sin; then he who steals one's life's fortune and happiness SHALL BE guilty? Professor Yang Xingpei once mentioned that since the criminal law has established the Crime of substituting for examination, then according to the legislative spirit of our criminal law: those who commit crimes are lighter by lifting weights; those who are convicted are lighter and lighter, and the establishment of related charges of impostors is an important move to comply with the times.
    To sum up, it can be affirmed that impostors of going university are obviously worse than those as a substitute for the examination, and their social harmfulness is more obvious, but considering the severity of punishment from the perspective of statutory punishment, we need to make a reasonable design after horizontal and vertical comparison. Under the current examination system, examination and enrollment are both related and different links, which can not be compared with each other, so criminal behavior is not only the main feature of the crime, but also the basic principle of the core content of the crime, and the setting of criminal punishment needs to be satisfied with what is proper with  the aim of realizing principal of suiting punishment to crime.


作者:王晓杰律师 奉贤区优秀律师 公司法律顾问 合同律师  www.meiguls.com



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